This is a bibliography of references cited by articles on the MathScholar.org and other blogs. Items are listed alphabetically by label. Some of the online items may require a paid fee or subscription. If you note errors or encounter dead online links, please notify the editor.

For a bibliography of technical articles written by Bailey, see technical articles.

1. [Abbot2023] D. Abbot, A. Bikfalvi, A.L. Bleske-Rechek, W. Bodmer, P. Boghossian, C.M. Carvalho, J. Ciccolini, J.A. Coyne, J. Gauss, P.M.W. Gill, S. Jitomirskaya, L. Jussim, A.I. Krylov, G.C. Loury, L. Maroja, J.H. McWhorter, S. Moosavi, P. Nayna Schwerdtle, J. Pearl, M.A. Quintanilla-Tornel, H.F. Schaefer III, P.R. Schreiner, P. Schwerdtfeger, D. Shechtman, M. Shifman, J. Tanzman, B.L. Trout, A. Warshel, and J.D. West, "In defense of merit in science," Journal of Controversial Ideas, vol. 3 (2023), no. 1, available at PDF.
2. [Abiogenesis2022] [no author] "Abiogenesis," Wikipedia, not dated but viewed 27 Mar 2022, available at HTML.
3. [Achenbach2021] Joel Achenbach, Carolyn Y. Johnson, Lena H. Sun and Brittany Shammas, "'Goldilocks virus': Delta vanquishes all variant rivals as scientists race to understand its tricks," Washington Post, 8 Aug 2021, available at HTML.
4. [Adam2022] David Adam, "COVID's true death toll: much higher than official records," Nature, 10 Mar 2022, available at HTML.
5. [AgeoftheEarth2014] [no author] "Age of the earth," Wikipedia, not dated but viewed 27 Mar 2022, available at HTML.
6. [AIModels2022] [no author], "Huge 'foundation models' are turbo-charging AI progress," Economist, 11 Jun 2022, available at HTML.
7. [AIG-Flood2016] [no author] "The flood," Answers in Genesis, not dated but viewed 27 Mar 2022, available at HTML.
8. [Allen2010] David L. Allen, "A reply to Tom Nettles' review of William A. Dembski's The end of Christianity: Finding a good God in an evil world," Feb 2010, available at HTML.
9. [AlphaGo2017] [no author], "The latest AI can work things out without being taught," The Economist, 21 Oct 2017, available at HTML.
10. [Amit2017] Gilead Amit, "Dark energy is mutating, with grave consequences for the cosmos," New Scientist, 6 Dec 2017, available at HTML.
11. [Anderson2009] Kevin Anderson, "The wonderful unscientific teachings of Christianity," Answers in Genesis, 26 Feb 2009, available at HTML.
12. [Arango2023] Tim Arango and Campbell Robertson, "After Rise in Murders During the Pandemic, a Sharp Decline in 2023," New York Times, 29 Dec 2023, available at HTML.
13. [Armstrong2008] Karen Armstrong, The Bible: A Biography, Grove Press, New York, 2008.
14. [Armstrong2009] Karen Armstrong, The Case for God, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2009.
15. [Aronowitz1988] Stanley Aronowitz, Science as Power: Discourse and Ideology in Modern Society, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN, 1988.
16. [Aronowitz1996] Stanley Aronowitz, "The politics of the science wars," Social Text, no. 46-47 (Spring-Summer 1996), pg 177-197.
17. [Astronomers2024] [no author] "Astronomers uncover risks to planets that could host life," University of Cambridge, 5 Aug 2024, available at HTML.
18. [Augustine1887] Saint Augustine, "Reply to Faustus the Manichean," 26.3, in Philip Schaff, ed., Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, vol. 4, Christian Literature Co., 1887, available at HTML.
19. [Augustine1952] St. Augustine, Marcus Dods (trans.), "The city of God," Great Books of the Western World, vol. 18, Encyclopedia Britannica, Chicago, 1952.
20. [Augustine1982] Saint Augustine, "The literal meaning of Genesis," in J. H. Taylor, trans., Ancient Christian Writers, Newman Press, 1982, vol. 1.
21. [Aune2003] David E. Aune, "Cosmology," Westminster Dictionary of the New Testament and Early Christian Literature, Westminster John Knox Press, Louisville, KY, 2003.
22. [Avise2010] John C. Avise, Inside the Human Genome: A Case for Non-Intelligent Design, Oxford University Press, New York, 2010.
23. [Axe2017] Douglas Axe, Undeniable: How Biology Confirms that Life Is Designed, HarperOne, New York, 2017.
24. [Ayala2007] Francisco J. Ayala, Darwin's Gift to Science and Religion, Joseph Henry Press, Washington, DC, 2007.
25. [Ayala2010] Francisco J. Ayala, Am I a Monkey? Six Big Questions about Evolution, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD, 2010.
26. [Baah2023] Samuel Kofi Tetteh Baah, R. Andres Castaneda Aguilar, Carolina Diaz-Bonilla, Tony Fujs, Cristoph Lakner, Minh Cong Nguyen and Martha Viveros, "March 2023 global poverty update from the World Bank," 29 Mar 2023, available at HTML.
27. [Bahrampour2016] Tara Bahrampour, "'There isn't really anything magical about it': Why more millennials are avoiding sex," Washington Post, 2 Aug 2016, available at HTML.
28. [Bailey2009] David H. Bailey, "Can an evolutionary process generate English text?", Biological Theory, vol. 4 (2009), pg. 125-131, preprint available at PDF.
29. [Bailey2012] David H. Bailey and Jonathan M. Borwein, "Ancient Indian square roots: An exercise in forensic paleo-mathematics," American Mathematical Monthly, vol. 119 (Oct 2012), pg. 646-657, preprint available at PDF.
30. [Bailey2017] David H. Bailey, "Pi and the collapse of peer review," Math Scholar, 20 Jul 2017, available at HTML.
31. [Bailey2018] David H. Bailey, "2018: The year that artificial intelligence came of age," Math Scholar, 29 Dec 2018, available at HTML.
32. [Bailey2021] David H. Bailey and Marcos Lopez de Prado, "How 'backtest overfitting' in finance leads to false discoveries," Significance, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 18, no. 6 (Dec 2021), pg. 22-25, available at PDF.
33. [Bakalar2001] Nick Bakalar and Richard Balkin, The Wisdom of Pope John Paul II: The Pope on Life's Most Vital Questions, Vintage Books, New York, 2001.
34. [Baker1976] Sylvia Baker, Bone of Contention: Is Evolution True?, Evangelical Press, 1976.
35. [Ball2023] Jude Ball, Richard Grucza, MichaelLivingston, Tomter Bogt, Candace Currie and Margaretha de Looze, "The great decline in adolescent risk behaviours: Unitary trend, separate trends, or cascade?," Social Science and Medicine, vol. 317 (Jan 2023), pg. 115616.
36. [Barbour1997] Ian G. Barbour, Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues, HarperCollins, San Francisco, 1997.
37. [Barnes2013] Luke A. Barnes, "The fine-tuning of the universe for intelligent life," Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, vol. 29 (2 Jan 2013), pg. 529-564, available at PDF.
38. [Barnes1981] Barry Barnes and David Bloor, "Relativism, rationalism and the sociology of knowledge," in Rationality and Relativism, M. Hollis and S. Lukes, ed., Blackwell Press, Oxford, UK, 1981.
39. [Barr2010a] Stephen M. Barr, "The end of intelligent design?" First Things, 9 Feb 2010, available at HTML.
40. [Barr2010b] Stephen M. Barr, "The laws of physics and the design of the universe," in Melville Y. Stewart, ed., Science and Religion in Dialogue, vol. 2, John Wiley, Malden, MA, 2010.
41. [Barras2017] Colin Barras, "Homo naledi is only 250,000 years old -- here's why that matters," New Scientist, 25 Apr 2017, available at HTML.
42. [Barrow1986] John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler, The Anthropic Cosmological Principle, Oxford University Press, New York, 1986.
43. [Barrow2007] John D. Barrow, New Theories of Everything, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2007.
44. [Barrow2008] John D. Barrow, Simon Conway Morris, Stephen J. Freeland and Charles L. Harper, Jr., ed., Fitness of the Cosmos for Life: Biochemistry and Fine-Tuning, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008.
45. [Basaltic1981] Basaltic Volcanism Study Project, Basaltic Volcanism on the Terrestrial Planets, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX, 1981, available at Book.
46. [Behe1994] Michael J. Behe, "Experimental support for regarding functional classes of proteins to be highly isolated from each other," in J. Buell and V. Ahern, ed., Darwinism, Science or Philosphy?, Foundation for Thought and Ethics, Richardson, TX, 1994, also available at HTML.
47. [Behe1996] Michael J. Behe, Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1996.
48. [Behe2007] Michael J. Behe, The Edge of Evolution: The Search for the Limits of Darwinism, Free Press, New York, 2007.
49. [Bell2011] Michael A. Bell, Windsor E. Aguirre and Nathaniel J. Buck, "Twelve years of contemporary armor evolution in a threespine stickleback population," Evolution, vol. 58 (2004), pg. 814-24, available at HTML.
50. [Berlin2001] Adele Berlin, "Cosmology and creation," The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion, Oxford University Press, London, 2011.
51. [Bhanoo2013] Sindya N. Bhanoo, "Milk of human kindness also found in bonobos," New York Times, 7 Jan 2013, available at HTML.
52. [Billings2016] Lee Billings, "$100-million plan will send probes to the nearest star," Scientific American, 12 Apr 2016, available at HTML.
53. [Blackwell2002] Richard J. Blackwell, "Galileo Galilei," in [Ferngren2002].
54. [Blau2017] Francine D. Blau and Anne E. Winkler, "Women, work and family," National Bureau of Economic Research, Aug 2017, available at PDF.
55. [Blum-Smith2017] Ben Blum-Smith and Samuel Coskey, "The fundamental theorem on symmetric polynomials: History's first whiff of Galois theory," College Mathematics Journal, vol. 48:1 (2017), pg. 18-29.
56. [Boardman1973] William W. Boardman, Robert F. Koontz and Henry M. Morris, Science and Creation, Creation-Science Research Center, San Diego, CA, 1973.
57. [Boakye-Agyemang2022] Collins Boakye-Agyemang, "Healthy life expectancy in Africa rises by almost ten years," ReliefWeb, 4 Aug 2022, available at HTML.
58. [Bob2012] Yonah Bob, "Archaeologists find first proof of ancient Bethlehem," Jerusalem Post, 23 May 2012, available at HTML.
59. [Boghossian2006] Paul Boghossian, Fear of Knowledge: Against Relativism and Constructivism, Oxford University Press, UK, 2006.
60. [Borg2001] Marcus J. Borg, Reading the Bible Again for the First Time: Taking the Bible Seriously but Not Literally, HarperSanFrancisco, 2001.
61. [Bostrom2008] Nick Bostrom, "Where are they? Why I hope the search for extraterrestrial life finds nothing," MIT Technology Review, May/June 2008, pg. 72-77, available at PDF.
62. [Boudry2018] Maarten Boudry and Massimo Pigliucci, Science Unlimited? The Challenges of Scientism, University of Chicago Press, 2018.
63. [Bourbaki1949] Nicolas Bourbaki, "Fonctions d'une variable r'eelle," Actualit'es Scientifiques et Industrielles (French), vol. 1074, Hermann, 1949, pg. 137-138; see English version at [Pi-irrational2025].
64. [Bourton2010] Judy Bourton, "Two killer whale types found in UK waters," BBC News, available at HTML.
65. [Bowden1981] M. Bowden, Ape-Men: Fact or Fallacy?, Sovereign Publishers, Bromley, Kent, UK, 1981.
66. [Boyle2022] Latham Boyle and Neil Turok, "Thermodynamic solution of the homogeneity, isotropy and flatness puzzles (and a clue to the cosmological constant)," ArXiv manuscript, 6 Oct 2022, available at PDF.
67. [Boyle2024] Rebecca Boyle, "The best neighborhoods for starting a life in the galaxy," Quanta Magazine, 24 Jan 2024, available at HTML.
68. [Brahic2012] Catherine Brahic, "Our true dawn: Pinning down human origins," New Scientist, 26 Nov 2012, available at HTML.
69. [Brenan2024] Megan Brenan, "Majority still credits God for humankind, but not creationism," Gallup, 22 Jul 2024, available at HTML.
70. [Bromham2016] Lindell Bromham, An Introduction to Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics, Oxford University Press, USA; 2nd UK edition, 2016.
71. [Brown1991] Donald E. Brown, Human Universals, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1991.
72. [Brown2001] Walt Brown, In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood, Center for Scientific Creation, Phoenix, ZA, 2001.
73. [Brown2006] Andrew Brown, "Dawkins the dogmatist," Prospect, Oct 2006, available at PDF.
74. [Brown2009] Richard C. Brown, Are Science and Mathematics Socially Constructed?, World Scientific, New Jersey and London, 2009.
75. [Bryan2014] [no author] "William Jennings Bryan," Wikipedia, not dated but viewed 27 Mar 2022, available at HTML.
76. [Bubeck2023] Sebastien Bubeck, Varun Chandrasekaran, Ronen Eldan, Johannes Gehrke, Eric Horvitz, Ece Kamar, Peter Lee, Yin Tat Lee, Yuanzhi Li, Scott Lundberg, Harsha Nori, Hamid Palangi, Marco Tulio Ribeiro and Yi Zhang, "Sparks of artificial general intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4," ArXiv, 13 Apr 2023, available at PDF.
77. [Cafferty2014] Brian J. Cafferty and Nicholas V. Hud, "Abiotic synthesis of RNA in water: a common goal of prebiotic chemistry and bottom-up synthetic biology," Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, vol. 22 (Oct 2014), pg. 146-157.
78. [Caldwell2024] Luke Caldwell, "Why aren't we made of antimatter," Scientific American, 1 Feb 2024, available at HTML.
79. [Callaway2009] Ewen Callaway, "Bigfoot hobbit could be ancient island human," New Scientist, 6 May 2009, available at HTML.
80. [Callaway2012] Ewen Callaway, "Carbon dating gets a reset," Scientific American, 18 Oct 2012, available at HTML.
81. [Callaway2013] Ewen Callaway, "Neanderthal settlements point to earlier extinction," Nature News, 4 Feb 2013, available at HTML.
82. [Callaway2013b] Ewen Callaway, "Hominin DNA baffles experts," Nature, 04 Dec 2013, available at HTML.
83. [Callaway2022] Ewen Callaway, "What's next for AlphaFold and the AI protein-folding revolution," Nature, 25 Apr 2022, available at HTML.
84. [Campbell1949] Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, New World Library, 1949.
85. [Carlson1983] R. W. Carlson, D. R. Hunter and F. Barker, "Sm-Nd age and isotopic systematics of the bimodal suite, ancient gneiss complex, Swaziland," Nature, vol. 305 (20 Oct 1983), pg. 701-704.
86. [Carr1979] Bernard J. Carr and Martin J. Rees, "The anthropic principle and the structure of the physical world," Nature, vol. 278 (12 Apr 1979), available at PDF.
87. [Carr2009] Bernard Carr, Universe or Multiverse, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2009.
88. [Carroll2006] Sean B. Carroll, The Making of the Fittest: DNA and the Ultimate Forensic Record of Evolution, Quercus, London, 2006.
89. [Carroll2010] Sean M. Carroll and Heywood Tam, "Unitary evolution and cosmological fine-tuning," manuscript, 8 July 2010, available at PDF.
90. [Carroll2019] Sean Carroll, Something Deeply Hidden: Quantum Worlds and the Emergence of Spacetime, Dutton, New York, 2019.
91. [Carter1974] Brandon Carter, "Large number coincidences and the anthropic principle in cosmology," in Confrontation of Cosmological Theories with Observation, M. S. Longair, ed., Reidel, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1974.
92. [Castelvecchi2019] Davide Castelvecchi, "Lab-made primordial soup yields RNA bases," Nature, 4 Oct 2019, available at HTML.
93. [CDC2019] [no author] "1991-2019 high school youth risk behavior survey data," Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, undated but viewed 20 Nov 2022, available at HTML.
94. [CDC2023] [no author] "CDC abortion surveillance -- United States, 2021," Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 24 Nov 2023, available at HTML.
95. [Cepelewicz2017] Jordana Cepelewicz, "New bird species arises from hybrids, as scientists watch," Quanta Magazine, 13 Dec 2017, available at HTML.
96. [Cepelewicz2019] Jordana Cepelewicz, "Origin-of-life study points to chemical chimeras, not RNA," Quanta Magazine, 16 Sep 2019, available at HTML.
97. [Chamberlin1909] Ralph V. Chamberlin, "The early Hebrew conception of the universe," The White and Blue, vol. 13 (24 Dec 1909), pg. 84-88.
98. [Chang2017] Kenneth Chang, "7 Earth-size planets orbit dwarf star, NASA and European astronomers say," New York Times, 22 Feb 2017, available at HTML.
99. [Chicago1982] [no author], "The Chicago statement of Biblical inerrancy with exposition," 1982, available at HTML.
100. [Cho2013] Adrian Cho, "Best image of big bang afterglow ever confirms standard cosmology," Science, 21 Mar 2013, available at HTML.
101. [Choi2015] Charles Q. Choi, "Hobbits were a separate species, ancient chompers show," Scientific American, 19 Nov 2015, available at HTML.
102. [Clark2022] Don Clark, "U.S. retakes top spot in supercomputer race," New York Times, 30 May 2022, available at HTML.
103. [Clarke1984] Arthur C. Clarke, Profiles of the Future, Henry Holt, New York, 1984.
104. [Cliff2024] Harry Cliff, Space Oddities: The Mysterious Anomalies Challenging Our Understanding of the Universe, Doubleday, New York, 2024.
105. [Cline2007] Eric H. Cline, From Eden to Exile: Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible, National Geographic, 2007.
106. [Cline2009] Eric H. Cline, Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2009.
107. [Coghlan2010a] Andy Coghlan, "Fat lips evolve at record speed," New Scientist, 14 May 2010, available at HTML.
108. [Coghlan2016] Monkey seen caring for dying mate then grieving after she dies, New Scientist, 23 May 2016, available at HTML.
109. [Coldewey2022] Devin Coldewey, "Ultima Genomics claims $100 full genome sequencing after stealth $600M raise," Tech Crunch, 31 May 2022, available at HTML.
110. [Coleman1975] R. J. Coleman, "Biblical inerrancy: Are we going anywhere?," Theology Today, vol. 31 (Jan 1975).
111. [Collins1981] Harry M. Collins, "Stages in the empirical programme of relativism, Social Studies of Science, vol. 11 (1981), pg. 3-10.
112. [Collins1993] Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch, The Golem: What Everyone Should Know about Science, Cambridge University Press, 1993.
113. [Collins2006] Francis S. Collins, The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief, Free Press, New York, 2006.
114. [Collins2018] Lorence G. Collins, "Twenty-one reasons Noah's worldwide flood never happened," Skeptical Inquirer, Apr 2018, available at HTML.
115. [ConwayMorris2005] Simon Conway Morris, "Evolution's driving force," Australian Broadcasting System, 3 Dec 2005, available at HTML.
116. [Coogan2001] Michael D. Coogan, The Oxford History of the Biblical World, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2001.
117. [Cook2013] John Cook, Dana Nuccitelli, Sarah A Green, Mark Richardson, Barbel Winkler, Rob Painting, Robert Way, Peter Jacobs and Andrew Skuce, "Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature," Environmental Research Letters, 15 May 2013, available at HTML.
118. [Coontz2014] Stephanie Coontz, "The new instability," New York Times, 26 Jul 2014, available at HTML.
119. [Copernicus2014] [no author] "Nicholaus Copernicus," Wikipedia, not dated but viewed 27 Mar 2022, available at HTML.
120. [Cossins2018] Daniel Cossins, "Truth before beauty: Our universe is uglier than we thought," New Scientist, 28 Feb 2018, available at HTML.
121. [Cowen2014] Ron Cowen, "No evidence for or against gravitational waves," Nature, 29 May 2014, available at HTML.
122. [Coyne2009] Jerry A. Coyne, Why Evolution Is True, Viking, New York, 2009.
123. [Coyne2009b] Jerry A. Coyne, "Seeing and believing," The New Republic, 4 Feb 2009, available at HTML.
124. [CRS2010] [no author] "History and aims," not dated but viewed 27 Mar 2022, available at HTML.
125. [Cuozzo1988] J. W. Cuozzo, Buried Alive: The Startling Truth about Neanderthal Man, Master Books, Green Forest, AK, 1998.
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127. [Dalrymple2004] G. Brent Dalrymple, Ancient Earth, Ancient Skies: The Age of Earth and its Cosmic Surroundings, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 2004.
128. [Dalrymple2006] G. Brent Dalrymple, "Radiometric dating," TalkOrigins Archive, 2006, available at HTML.
129. [Dalrymple2006a] G. Brent Dalrymple, "How old is the earth: A response to 'scientific' creationism," TalkOrigins Archive, 2006, available at HTML.
130. [Dalton2010] Rex Dalton, "Africa's next top hominid," Nature, 21 Jun 2010, available at HTML.
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134. [Darwin2014] [no author], "Charles Darwin," Wikipedia, not dated but viewed 27 Mar 2022, available at HTML.
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148. [Dembski2002] William A. Dembski, No Free Lunch: Why Specified Complexity Cannot Be Purchased without Intelligence, Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, MD, 2002.
149. [Dembski2004] William A. Dembski, The Design Revolution: Answering the Toughest Questions about Intelligent Design, InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 2004.
150. [Dembski2007] William A. Dembski, The Design of Life: Discovering Signs of Intelligence In Biological Systems, Foundation for Thought and Ethics, Richardson, TX, 2007.
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170. [Edgar2014] Blake Edgar, "Our secret evolutionary weapon: Monogamy," Scientific American, 1 Sep 2014, available at HTML.
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181. [Exoplanet2019] [no author] "Methods of detecting exoplanets," Wikipedia, not dated but viewed 18 Feb 2025, available at HTML.
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